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courses:206a:instrument_approaches

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courses:206a:instrument_approaches [2018/09/24 17:27]
evan 		courses:206a:instrument_approaches [2019/04/26 15:27] (current)
evan [Approach Procedures - VOR (In)]
Line 10: Line 10:
  
 Approach name at top & bottom of approach plate Approach name at top & bottom of approach plate
 +
 +Communication Strip - in order of use
 +
 +Name of the publication plus notes indicate required equipment
 +
 +GPS may be used to replace VOR, DME, NDB, or compass locator for an approach
  
  
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 ===== Approach Minimums - Inoperative Equipment (In) ===== ===== Approach Minimums - Inoperative Equipment (In) =====
  
 +See pg 1 in TPP
  
 ===== Approach Briefing Procedures (In) ===== ===== Approach Briefing Procedures (In) =====
 +
 +  * Briefed prior to IAF
 +  * Briefing should include:
 +    * FA Course
 +    * Nav Aids
 +    * Minimums
 +    * Missed Approach procedures
  
 ===== Instrument Approach Checklists and Procedures (In) ===== ===== Instrument Approach Checklists and Procedures (In) =====
  
 +===== The Approach Clearance =====
  
 +
 +Expect to be cleared to a "​holding fix" and then recieve "​cleared....approach."​ This removes the expectation to hold. The aircraft is then expected to begin the approach at the cleared holding fix via IAF or feeder route to IAF.
 +
 +When cleared for the approach, the published feeder routes that lead from the enroute structure to the IAF are part of the approach clearance. (AIM 5-4-6)
 +
 +"​Maintain 2,700 until established,​ cleared ILS Runway 20 approach."​
 ===== Weather Requirements for Instrument Approaches (In) ===== ===== Weather Requirements for Instrument Approaches (In) =====
  
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 ===== Approach Procedures - Visual and Contact Approaches (In) ===== ===== Approach Procedures - Visual and Contact Approaches (In) =====
  
 +Visual approach -- descend & land VFR. Not a true instrument approach.
 +
 +Contact Approach -- Must be requested by the pilot, must remain VFR (1SM/CoC), provides IFR seperation
  
 ===== Approach Procedures - ASR and PAR (In) ===== ===== Approach Procedures - ASR and PAR (In) =====
 +
 +AIM 5-4-11 states...
 +The only airborne radio equipment required for
 +radar approaches is a functioning radio transmitter
 +and receiver.
 +
 +A radar approach may be given to any aircraft
 +upon request and may be offered to pilots of aircraft
 +in distress or to expedite traffic, however, an ASR
 +might  not  be  approved ​ unless ​ there  is  an  ATC
 +operational ​ requirement, ​ or  in  an  unusual ​ or
 +emergency situation.
 +
 +PAR  and  ASR  minimums ​ are  published ​ on
 +separate ​ pages  in  the  FAA  Terminal ​ Procedures
 +Publication (TPP).
 +
 +For our area, ASR approaches are available at BLV, CMI, and SPI. 
 +
 +A PAR approach is available at STJ (St. Josephs, MO) which is an ANG base, class D.
 +
 +==== PAR - Precision Approach Radar ====
 +
 +
 +Both lateral and vertical guidance. Pilots are told when to turn to maintain alignment on the landing runway and when to begin a descent to maintain the glidepath required. Pilots will be advised to fly the missed approach, if needed.
 +
 +==== ASR - Surveillance Approach ====
 +
 +
 +Less accurate radar used, no vertical guidance. Flown like a non-precision approach. Pilots are advised to descent to MDA or stepdown altitude by ATC. Pilots are advised to execute a missed approach at the MAP if needed.
  
  
 ===== Approach Procedures - VOR (In) ===== ===== Approach Procedures - VOR (In) =====
  
 +See [[https://​skyvector.com/​files/​tpp/​1905/​pdf/​06351VDA.PDF|VOR-A Approach Sample]]
  
 +[[https://​skyvector.com/​files/​tpp/​1905/​pdf/​09119V24.PDF|PNT VOR 24]]
 ===== Procedure Turn (In) ===== ===== Procedure Turn (In) =====
 +
 +Used to establish the aircraft inbound on the final approach course
 +
 +Barb symbol indicates pilot may use any method of PT to include:
 +
 +  * 45 deg method
 +  * 80/260
 +  * Teardrop
 +  * Racetrack
 +
 +If a specific PT is depicted, the pilot MUST fly this procedure.
 +
 +<note tip>If the aircraft is cleared for a straight in approach, the PT is not to be flown.</​note>​
 +
 +See ILS 20 MWA and [[https://​skyvector.com/​files/​tpp/​1810/​pdf/​00232IL18.PDF|ILS 18 LNK]]
 +
 +Exceptions will be noted as "No PT" on the approach plate -- [[https://​skyvector.com/​files/​tpp/​1810/​pdf/​00235VA.PDF|VOR-A (LNR)]]
 +
 +<note tip>FAR 91.175j states... In the case of a radar vector to a final approach course or fix, a timed approach from a holding fix, or an approach for which the procedure specifies "No PT," no pilot may make a procedure turn unless cleared to do so by ATC.</​note>​
  
 ===== Radar Vectoring (In) ===== ===== Radar Vectoring (In) =====
 +
 +Pilots may be vectored to the IAF or onto the final approach course
 +
 +<note tip>When not in radar coverage, a pilot MUST report the FAF inbound.</​note>​
  
 ===== Approach Procedures - Circling Approaches (In) ===== ===== Approach Procedures - Circling Approaches (In) =====
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 |E|4.5| |E|4.5|
  
 +Only circling minimums published if...
  
 +  * Final approach course more than 30 degrees off runway heading
 +  * Decent greater than 400ft/NM from FAF to TCH
 +  * Runway not clearly defined on the airfield
  
 +Circling minimums provide 300ft of obstacle clearance within the radius above (AIM 5-4-5 e 2).
 ===== Landing from an Instrument Approach (In) ===== ===== Landing from an Instrument Approach (In) =====
  
 +FAR 91.175c governs operations below DA or MDA...
  
 +To descend below DA or MDA, you must have one or more of the following in sight:
 +
 +  * The approach light system*
 +  * The threshold.
 +  * The threshold markings.
 +  * The threshold lights.
 +  * The runway end identifier lights.
 +  * The visual approach slope indicator.
 +  * The touchdown zone or touchdown zone markings.
 +  * The touchdown zone lights.
 +  * The runway or runway markings.
 +  * The runway lights.
 +
 +<note tip>If only the approach light system is in sight, the pilot may not descend below 100 feet above the touchdown zone elevation using the approach lights as a reference unless the red terminating bars or the red side row bars are also distinctly visible and identifiable.</​note>​
 ===== Approach Procedures - Missed Approach Procedures (In) ===== ===== Approach Procedures - Missed Approach Procedures (In) =====
  
 +Graphical and narrative on approach plates
 +
 +When to initiate:
 +
 +  * ILS/LPV -- at DA
 +  * Non Prec -- at MDA + Time or Distance
  
 ===== DME Arcs - Intercepting and Tracking (In) ===== ===== DME Arcs - Intercepting and Tracking (In) =====
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 ===== ILS Critical Areas (In) ===== ===== ILS Critical Areas (In) =====
  
 +Taxiway boundary sign + painting
  
 ===== ILS Principles of Operation (In) ===== ===== ILS Principles of Operation (In) =====
  
 +Localizer
 +  * 700ft wide at the runway threshold.
 +  * I-XXX identifier
 +  * Frequency is tuned on NAV radio
 +  * 18mi range within 10 degrees (10mi within 35 degrees)
 +
 +Glideslope
 +  * Operates on UHF frequency paired to localizer frequency
 +  * Antenna on side of runway (250-650ft away, 750-1250ft from threshold)
 +  * 1.4 degrees wide (vertically)
 +  * Standard is 3deg GS
 +  * Normally usable to 10NM
 +  * Normal intercept 1400ft AGL at OM
 +  * 
  
 ===== Approach Procedures - ILS (In) ===== ===== Approach Procedures - ILS (In) =====
Line 95: Line 215:
 MLS - Microwave Landing System MLS - Microwave Landing System
  
 +===== GPS Substitution =====
 +
 +
 +[[https://​blog.aopa.org/​aopa/​tag/​ils/​|When to Switch to Green Needles]]
  
courses/206a/instrument_approaches.1537810035.txt.gz · Last modified: 2018/09/24 17:27 by evan

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