====== 206B - Flight Planning ======
Instrument Flying Handbook Ch. 10
===== IFR Flight Plan Requirements =====


As specified in Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 91, no person may operate an aircraft in 
controlled airspace under IFR unless that person has filed an IFR flight plan. 

**FAR 91.169 - IFR Flight Plans**
Must provide information required by FAR 91.153: Aircraft ID, type, pilot, departure point, departure time, route, altitude, TAS, destination, time en-route, fuel on board, souls on board, and "any other information the PIC or ATC believes is necessary for ATC purposes."

An IFR flight plan may be cancelled any time a pilot is operating in VFR conditions outside Class A airspace by stating “cancel my IFR flight plan” to the controller or air-to-ground station. After cancelling an IFR flight plan, the pilot should change to the appropriate air-to-ground frequency, transponder code as directed, and VFR altitude/flight level. (IFH Ch10)
===== Chart Supplement & NOTAMs =====
  * Preferred Routes
  * FSS telephone numbers
  * FSS communications frequencies
  * FSDO contact informaiton
  * VOT locations & information
  * Airport Diagrams (and legend for diagrams)
  * Hot spot details
  * Weather radar locations
  * Airport information

==== NOTAMs ====


Check FDC NOTAMs for information on IFR operations.

**Sample NOTAM:**

<code>!FDC 8/4953 MDH IAP SOUTHERN ILLINOIS, Carbondale/Murphysboro, IL. 
ILS OR LOC RWY 18L, AMDT 13... S-LOC 18L MDA 800/HAT 393 ALL CATS. 
VIS CAT C 3/4, CAT D 1. 
DISREGARD NOTE: FOR INOPERATIVE MALSR, INCREASE S-LOC 18L CAT D 
VISIBILITY TO 1 MILE. NOTE: NIGHT LANDING: RWY 6, 36L NA. 
1802012219-1809132219EST</code>

===== Preferred IFR Routes =====

  * Contained within the Chart Supplement publication.
  * Broken into high altitude & low altitude routes.
  * Generally involve major terminal areas.
  * May incorporate SIDs/STARs as well as IAPs rather than providing full routing to/from airports listed.
  * Some low routes have effective times (listed in UTC). All high altitude routes are timed, unless noted.

<code>Sun...0300 - 2259L
M-F...0701 - 2259L
Sat...0701 - 1459l</code>

==== Sample Preferred Route ====

Departure Point: Springfield Capital (SPI)

Destination: Tulsa International (TUL)

<code>V50 UIN V63 SGF V14</code>

{{ :courses:206b:prefroutesample.png?direct&400 |}}

How do you get from the TUL VOR to the airport?

{{ :courses:206b:00432vinta.pdf | VINTA Arrival (from SGF)}}

{{ :courses:206b:00432il18l.pdf |TUL ILS 18L (feeder from VOR)}}

===== IFR Departure Procedures (SIDs & DPs) =====

Preplanned to provide obstacle clearance.

Provide a way for the pilot to safely transition to the en-route system.

<note tip>From IFH: Pilots operating under 14 CFR part 91 are strongly encouraged to file and fly a DP when one is available. </note>

There are two types of DPs: Obstacle Departure Procedures 
(ODP), printed either textually or graphically, and Standard 
Instrument Departures (SID), always printed graphically.

Why is an DP necessary? - The primary reason is to provide obstacle clearance protection information to pilots. A secondary reason, at busier airports, is to increase efficiency and reduce communications and departure delays through the use of SIDs. (AIM 5-2-8 a)

Obstacle DPs are necessary when an object penetrates the "40:1 obstacle identification surface." 

  * Begins at the end of the departure runway
  * Slopes upward at 152 FPNM until min IFR altitude
  * Limited to 25NM from airport or 46NM from airport in mountainous terrain.
  * Beyond this distance, pilot is responsible for terrain clearance if not on a route or above a MEA, MOCA, or ATC assigned altitude.

See MDH DP.

SID

Published arrival route to reduce clearances and congestion.

x

===== IFR Arrival Procedures (STARs) =====

{{ :courses:206b:00166knox.pdf |ORD Knox 7 Arrival}}

===== IFR Flight Planning - Victor Airways =====

Low Altitude airways - 1200' AGL to FL180

===== IFR Off-Route Flight Planning =====


===== Minimum IFR Altitudes =====


**MEA** - Minimum Enroute Altitude (victor airway)
  - ATC communication ability
  - Nav station coverage
  - Safe clearance
  - Adherence to procedures

**MOCA** - Minimum Obstacle Clearance Altitude

  - 1000ft separation or 2,000ft separation in mountainous areas
  - MOCA assures also 22NM VOR reception range 

**MSA** - Minimum Sector Altitude

  - Approach plates
  - Within 25NM of a fix
  - 300ft seperation

**MRA** - Minimum Reception Altitude


**OROCA** - Off Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude
  - OROCA is computed just as the Maximum Elevation Figure (MEF) found on Visual Flight Rule (VFR) Charts except that it provides an additional vertical buffer of 1,000 feet in designated non-mountainous areas and a 2,000 foot vertical buffer in designated mountainous areas within the United States.

**MAA** - Maximum Authorized Altitude
  - maximum usable altitude or flight level for an airspace structure or route segment

**MTA** - Minimum Turning Altitude
 - charted altitude providing vertical and lateral obstruction clearance based on turn criteria over certain fixes, NAVAIDs, waypoints, and on charted route segments

**MCA** - Minimum Crossing Altitude
  - lowest altitude at certain fixes at which the aircraft must cross when proceeding in the direction of a higher minimum enroute IFR altitude




===== Alternate Airport Requirements =====

91.169(a)2 Requires an alternate airport be filed, UNLESS...

For at least 1 hour before and for 1 hour after the estimated time of arrival, the ceiling will be at least 2,000 feet above the airport elevation and the visibility will be at least 3 statute miles.

1/2/3 Rule

IFR alternate airport weather minima. Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator, no person may include an alternate airport in an IFR flight plan unless appropriate weather reports or weather forecasts, or a combination of them, indicate that, at the estimated time of arrival at the alternate airport, the ceiling and visibility at that airport will be at or above the following weather minima:

(A) For a precision approach procedure. Ceiling 600 feet and visibility 2 statute miles.

(B) For a nonprecision approach procedure. Ceiling 800 feet and visibility 2 statute miles.


<note important>If no instrument approach procedure has been published in part 97 of this chapter and no special instrument approach procedure has been issued by the Administrator to the operator, for the alternate airport, the ceiling and visibility minima are those allowing descent from the MEA, approach, and landing under basic VFR.</note>
===== Clearance Procedures - Towered & Non-Towered =====

<note tip>5−2−3. IFR Clearances Off Uncontrolled Airports

a. Pilots departing on an IFR flight plan should consult the Chart Supplement U.S. to determine the frequency or telephone number to use to contact clearance delivery. On initial contact, pilots should advise that the flight is IFR and state the departure and destination airports.

b. Air traffic facilities providing clearance delivery services via telephone will have their telephone number published in the Chart Supplement U.S. of that airport’s entry. This same section may also contain a telephone number to use for cancellation of an IFR flight plan after landing.</note>

Flight Service’s dedicated clearance delivery hotline: 1−888−766−8267


<note important>A pilot departing VFR, either intending to or needing to obtain an IFR clearance en route, must be aware of the position of the aircraft and the relative terrain/obstructions. When accepting a clearance below the MEA/MIA/MVA/OROCA, pilots are responsible for their own terrain/obstruction clearance until reaching the MEA/MIA/MVA/OROCA. If pilots are unable to maintain terrain/obstruction clearance, the controller should be advised and pilots should state their intentions.</note>
===== Crew Resource Management & Coordination =====